PREVENTING RECTUM CANCER

Rectum cancer, a form of colorectal cancer affecting the lower part of the large intestine, presents significant health risks. However, with proactive measures, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing this disease and enhance early detection. This article will emphasize the importance of a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight in the prevention of rectum cancer. Additionally, it will discuss the role of screening programs in preventing rectum cancer and promote awareness of colorectal cancer risk factors, encouraging early detection.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY DIET IN RISK REDUCTION OF RECTUM  CANCER

A healthy diet plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of rectum cancer. Research has consistently shown that dietary choices can influence cancer risk. Incorporating a balanced and nutritious diet can help mitigate this risk.

High-Fibre Foods:

Fibre-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, have been shown to lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Fibre helps to keep the digestive system healthy and facilitates regular bowel movements. According to the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), diets high in fibre can reduce the risk of rectum cancer by improving bowel function and promoting the excretion of carcinogens (American Institute for Cancer Research, 2023).

Limit Red Meat and Processed Foods:

Consumption of red meat and processed foods has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified processed meats, such as bacon and sausages, as Group 1 carcinogens, indicating sufficient evidence that they contribute to cancer risk (IARC, 2015). To lower risk, it is advisable to limit the intake of these foods and opt for lean meats, poultry, and fish instead.

Incorporate Antioxidants:

Antioxidants, found in fruits and vegetables, can help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E, such as berries, citrus fruits, and leafy greens, may offer protective benefits against cancer. The AICR highlights that a diet rich in antioxidants contributes to overall health and may play a role in cancer prevention (American Institute for Cancer Research, 2023).

THE ROLE OF REGULAR EXERCISE IN REDUCING THE RISK OF RECTUM CANCER

Regular physical activity is another key component in reducing the risk of rectum cancer. Exercise has numerous health benefits and can significantly lower cancer risk.

Maintaining a Healthy Weight:

Obesity is a known risk factor for rectum cancer. Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, can increase inflammation and hormone levels that promote cancer development. The American Cancer Society emphasizes that maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet is essential for reducing cancer risk (American Cancer Society, 2023).

Types of Exercise:

Engaging in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, helps maintain a healthy weight and supports overall health. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days per week (American College of Sports Medicine, 2020).

Benefits Beyond Weight Management:

In addition to weight management, exercise has other cancer-protective benefits. Physical activity can improve bowel function, reduce inflammation, and boost the immune system. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that regular exercise contributes to a lower incidence of several cancers, including colorectal cancer (World Health Organization, 2020).

MAINTAINING A HEALTHY WEIGHT IN REDUCING RISK OF RECTUM CANCER

Maintaining a healthy weight is closely linked to diet and exercise, and it plays a vital role in reducing cancer risk. Being overweight or obese increases the likelihood of developing rectum cancer and other chronic diseases.

Strategies for Weight Management:

• Balanced Diet: Consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins helps manage weight. Reducing the intake of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods is also crucial.
• Regular Exercise: As mentioned, regular physical activity helps burn calories and maintain a healthy weight. Combining aerobic exercise with strength training can enhance weight management efforts.
• Behavioural Changes: Implementing behavioural changes, such as mindful eating and portion control, can further assist in weight management.

Monitoring Weight:

Regular monitoring of weight and making adjustments to diet and exercise routines can help prevent weight gain and support long-term health. Healthcare providers can offer guidance and support for maintaining a healthy weight.

THE ROLE OF SCREENING PROGRAMS IN EARLY DETECTION OF RECTUM CANCER

Screening programs are essential in the early detection and prevention of rectum cancer. These programs are designed to identify cancer before symptoms appear, improving the chances of successful treatment.

Types of Screening Tests:

• Colonoscopy: This is the most comprehensive screening test for colorectal cancer. It involves examining the entire colon and rectum using a flexible tube with a camera. Colonoscopy allows for the detection and removal of precancerous polyps and early-stage cancers (American Cancer Society, 2023).
• Sigmoidoscopy: This test examines only the rectum and the lower part of the colon. While it is less comprehensive than a colonoscopy, it is useful for detecting abnormalities in the lower colon (National Cancer Institute, 2023).
• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): This test detects hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate the presence of cancer or polyps. It is a non-invasive method that can be done at home (American Cancer Society, 2023).
• Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): Similar to FOBT, FIT detects blood in the stool but is more specific to human haemoglobin and does not require dietary restrictions before the test (National Cancer Institute, 2023).

Screening Guidelines:

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends regular screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 45 for average-risk individuals. Screening should continue until age 75, with a personalized approach for those over 75 based on overall health and prior screening history (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2021).

PROMOTING AWARENESS OF KEY RISK FACTORS OF RECTUM CANCER

Increasing awareness of colorectal cancer risk factors is crucial for prevention and early detection. Educating the public about these factors can lead to more proactive health measures.

Key Risk Factors:

• Age: Colorectal cancer risk increases with age, particularly after age 50.
• Family History: Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps have a higher risk.
• Genetic Factors: Certain genetic mutations, such as those associated with hereditary syndromes like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis, increase risk.
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer.

Encouraging Early Detection:

Encouraging individuals to participate in screening programs and adopt healthy lifestyle choices can significantly reduce the incidence of rectum cancer. Healthcare providers play a critical role in discussing risk factors with patients and recommending appropriate screening tests.

Public Awareness Campaigns:

Public awareness campaigns can educate people about the importance of early detection and preventive measures. These campaigns often involve educational materials, community events, and outreach programs to spread information about colorectal cancer prevention and screening.

CONCLUSION.

Rectum cancer prevention and risk reduction involve a multifaceted approach that includes maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, and managing a healthy weight. Additionally, participating in screening programs and being aware of risk factors are essential for early detection and effective prevention. By adopting these strategies and encouraging awareness, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing rectum cancer and improve their overall health. Through informed choices and proactive measures, we can work towards a future with lower incidence rates of rectum cancer and better health outcomes for all.

REFERENCES:

• American Cancer Society. (2023). Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/prevention.html
• American Institute for Cancer Research. (2023). Diet and Physical Activity: What’s the Cancer Connection?. Retrieved from https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/diet-physical-activity/
• American College of Sports Medicine. (2020). Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Retrieved from https://www.acsm.org/read-research/resource-library
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2015). Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncology, 16(16), 1599-1600. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1
• National Cancer Institute. (2023). Colorectal Cancer Screening. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colorectal-screening-pdq
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Colorectal Cancer: Screening. Retrieved from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/colorectal-cancer-screening
• World Health Organization. (2020). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030: More Active People for a Healthier World. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514187

Written by Fawzi Rufai, Medically Reviewed by Sesan Kareem